Chapter 18 Pg 552 #7-23

7. The transcontinental railroad brought many jobs to America, and the wild west. It made it easier and faster to transport goods and people. It boosted the nation's steel industry and coal industry. It also set up new towns along the railroad. It helped construction and agriculture companies flourish. It helped out ranchers and farmers a lot because they were able to transport crops and cattle.
8. The Chisholm trail led from central Texas to Abilene, Kansas.
9. There were buffalo and other game they weren't used to. It was basically unsettled so it wasn't crowded. It was nice and flat for planting crops. Free land was offered by new laws, and the railroad made it easier and cheaper to get there. There was also the promise of gold out west.
10. They were a very large group of African Americans who moved from the south to settle in Kansas, escaping former slave states.
11. It addressed the lack of rain and moisture in the midwest and western states.
12. There was a mass hunting of buffalo by white people for a few years. They did it to feed the railroad workers and so buffalo wouldn't be in the way. This led the buffalo to near extinction.
13. Oklahoma.
14. He was an Indian leader. He was a chief of the Apache. He led raids against white settlers and he kept attacking them. He escaped them multiple times. He ended up being the last chief to surrender to the whites, holding on long past his contemporaries.
15. It offered farmers education, fellowship, and support. It gave them things such as libraries, social gatherings, and cooperatives.
16. They supported shorter work days, free silver, private companies owning the railroad and telegraph lines, limiting presidency and vice presidency to a single term, secret ballots, and electing senators directly, and a national income tax.
17. People set up boomtowns (like Skagway!) near gold fields as a place for miners to live while they searched for gold. They also set up towns along the railroad to run railway stations for gold and goods and people to pass through.
18. The railroad was able to transport cattle to places they wouldn't have been able to go otherwise. This allowed ranchers to be able to make money off of their cattle by selling them to people in places where there wasn't cattle.
19. The banks were charging them astronomical interest on their loans. The price they could sell their crops for was getting lower and lower, but the price they paid for equipment and seeds and things stayed at the same high place. They were consistently going into debt and being unable to get themelves out until they had to sell their farms or go bankrupt.
20.

• The movement of whites onto Native American lands, and the slaughter of buffalo.
• The United States Army attacked Indians a bunch.
• The Reservation Policy forced Indians into small, unfarmable plots of land.

21. Montana.
22. North.
23. They lived in the Arizona territory.

Chapter 16

1. The blockade was an offensive move used by the union.


2. Blockade runners were Confederate ships, and were often ironclad, or covered in iron. 


3. There were 4 border states that allowed slavery and remained in the Union. 


4. Being drafted was a law that required men between the ages of 18 and 35 to serve in the army for three years, and Habeas Corpus was a law that guaranteed accused individuals the right to a hearing before being jailed. 

5. 1861-1865

6. The Confederates had strong support from their people, leadership, and a home-field advantage.

7. Confederates- Jefferson Davis     Union- Abraham Lincoln

8. Clara Barton was U.S. patent office clerk who collected provisions for the union army. In 1862 she delivered food right to the frontlines and helped the wounded and dying. Delivered much needed medical supplies. Showed courage and organized the Red Cross.   


9. Prevents them from getting supplies. 


10. The Union won and it was their first big win which became a huge turning point for the war. 


11. "..All persons held as slaves within any state...in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.." It was a decision to free all enslaved African Americans in the south. It applied only to areas that the confederact controlled, but it didn't actually free anyone. However, he hoped that knowledge of it would encourage them to run away from their slave holders. 


12. In the south slaves worked on plantations and in mines while the white men were off fighting in the war. They weren't allowed to be enlisted into the war at first because of the fear of arming them and having them rebel. Later on however they were able to join the ranks of the rest of the southerners. The Northern slaves were able to enlist a lot earlier than those in the South which gave them an upper hand. 


13. Most of the war was fought in the South which the southerners used a lot of the resources they had. Their lands and farms were destroyed, railroads were torn up, people lost their homes, and goods were a lot harder to obtain. 


14.  They were free to go home if Confederate soldiers were to lay down their arms.


15. They disagreed with Virginia's secession from the Union so in 1861, 48 counties organized the state of West Virginia who decided to stay part of the Union. 


16. The North wanted to control the river because it would split the Confederacy and make it weaker. It would also restricted them from getting or sending supplies. The South wanted to keep control of the Mississippi River so the flow of supplies back and forth across the river was their advantage. 


17. Just like the North and South, African Americans had reasons for fighting in the war and that was freedom. The Civil War had a lot of casualties and so the more people you had on your side the better chances you had of winning. 


18. General Lee was an unpredictable general who was an amazing strategist. Many people would have thought his ideas were crazy but they seemed to work. He respected his men the way he wanted to be respected so they were able to work together and get things done. 


19. 


Attack on Fort Sumter -- 1861 -- Confederate victory and the official beginning of the Civil War.


Monitor v. Merrimack -- 1862 -- It marked a new age in naval warfare because it was the first battle between two metal- covered ships. Both the Confederates and the Union claimed their victory. 


Emancipation Proclamation Act -- 1863 -- It freed millions of slaves. It proved that we were fighting for their freedom. 


Lincoln is reelected -- 1864 -- the Emancipation Proclamation Act was the big reason he was reelected. The Confederates weren't too happy about it yet he still won by more than the average votes. This helped the push for the Confederates to join the Union. 


Appromattox Court House -- 1865-- The final battle in the Civil War, and Lee was allowed to take his men home as long as they lay down their weapons. 


20. Cemetery Ridge


21. Ewell


22. Longstreet, Picket, Lee, Hill, and Ewell 

I Don't Know Much About History

1) Why does the author suggest that John Brown had a sense of humor?

When President Buchanan put a price of $20 on his head, Brown responded with a bounty of two dollars and fifty cents of Buchanan’s.

2)What was John Brown's plan?

Brown’s plan was to march south, arm the slaves who would flock to his crusade, and establish a black republic in the Appalachians to wage war against the slaveholding south.

3) Why did John Brown become a symbol?

He became a symbol because he was thought to be a martyr ‘in a just cause’. People overlooked his craziness and instead glorified him. Thoreau compared Brown to Christ, and Emerson wrote that Brown’s hanging would “make the gallows as glorious as the cross.”

4)When and why did South Carolina succeed from the Union?

Within days of Lincoln’s election in 1860 was when South Carolina legislature voted to secede from the Union.

5)List some of the advantages of the North at the beginning of the war. List some of the advantages of the South at the beginning of the war.

North: Had more states which were occupied by more people who were able to work at more factories. The North had more railroad, bank deposits, and gold specie’s. The outproduced the South in agricultural products and livestock holdings. The railroads helped them increase their wartime supplies and ship them efficiently.

South: There home-field advantage - familiarity with terrain, popular partisan support, and the motivation of defending the homeland. The U.S army was mainly led by the Southerners who backed them (the Northern leaders were from Urban areas who spoke little to no English). They were for the most part better riders, more at home with weaponry, and showed a greater martial spirit.

6) List some of the (5) famous battles of the Civil War with a brief description of each.

Battle of Bull Run: In Virginia, Confederate armies under General Joseph E. Johnston and Beaurard rout Union Troops. Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson was given the nickname ‘Stonewall’ for his leadership of the stand made by his troops that turned the tide of the battle. After this war the Congress passed the first income-tax law, and enlistment periods increased from three months to two years. 


Second Battle of Bull Run: Confederate Generals Lee, Jackson, and James Longstreet defeat Union forces under General John Pope forcing Union troops to evacuate all the way back to Washington. The Confederates pushed the Union armies from the gates of Richmond all the way back to the Union capital. 


Battle of Antietam: (Sharpsburg, Maryland) McClellan anticipates Lee’s strategy when he takes the offensive after Pope’s retreat. The dead and wounded exceed 10,000 for both sides on the bloodiest day of the battle when McClellan’s Union forces meet Lee’s advancing army. Lee pulls back but McClellan doesn’t pursue the retreating Confederate army. The battle was a critical turning point when Lee’s offensive stalled. Battle of 


Fredericksburg: (Virginia) General Burnside’s Union troops are routed by Lee with severe casualties, losing 12,000 to the Confederates 5,000.


Battle of Chancellorsville: (Virginia) Losses for both sides exceed 10,000 men. Lee’s army defeats Hooker’s Army of the Potomac. Stonewall Jackson’s decisions forces the Union to withdrawal. He was mistakenly shot by a Confederate soldier and died of pneumonia on May 10, costing the Confederates one of their most effective field generals. 


Battle of Gettysburg: Confederate troops in search for shoes meet up with a detachment of Union cavalry. In three days of fighting was the final turning point of the war. The Union army takes a strong defensive position and turns back repeated Confederate assaults. Confederate losses reach 28,000 killed, wounded, or missing, a third of the army’s effective strength, to the Union’s 23,000. Lee retreats to Virginia, and Lincoln wants the remnants of the Confederate army destroyed, ending the war. 


Battle of Chickamauga: (Georgia) Union armies are defeated by Confederates under General Braxton Bragg. Casualties are extremely high for both sides: Confederates-18,000, Union-16,000. The Union army retreats to Chattanooga.

7) How do you view Lincoln's suspension of "the writ of habeas corpus"?

I disagree with it because Lincoln made it while the congress was out of session, and there weren't really any good reason for it. It made it okay to detain thousands without firm charges and due process of the law. 

8) What if Lee's plan had not been found at the battle of Antiem?

If Lee's plan hadn't been found out and been given to McClennan the South probably would have won not only the battle of Antiem but also the whole Civil War.

9) What was the reconstruction?

It was a to rebuild the South and allow them to be apart of the Union. It would readmit states after they had ratified the thirteenth amendment. The Southern states were to accept the fourteenth amendment, and adopt the beliefs of the northern states. It allowed blacks to be apart of voting and politics. 

10) Why did the Klu Klux Klan form?

It was white southerns that rebelled against the reconstruction of colored people being able to be apart of politics. They frightened not only colored people but also white politicians. 

11) Discuss Andrew Johnson's impeachment.

He challenged the law's constitutionality, and tried to dismiss War Secretary Edwin M. Stanton, an ally of the Radical Republicans. The House promptly impeached him: he was the first president to ever be impeached. Under Article II section 4 of the constitution the president may be impeached if they are convicted of briber, treason or other high crimes.