History Final

The assassination of William McKinley: Republican president who supported big business and a fan of the gold standard and was assassinated in office. Was shot in the chest at the World’s Fair – changed the country because a lot of big business people wanted Roosevelt put in the Vice President position because it wasn’t really a big power position and couldn’t influence anything.

The Robber Barons and what they did: Most of them set up trusts to control certain areas of business and get rid of competition. They ended up giving money back to support public good.

The Jungle: A book – spoke about the meat industry and how it was corrupt. It stated that the meat production companies weren’t selling good products to the people of the US. The last novel to actually create social change – directly.

Why the Spanish American War was fought: to free Cuba – but main reason was imperialism, to expand land.

Wounded Knee: Last Indian stand. It was a massacre, someone misfired a gun and then the union slaughtered them .1924 all Native-born U.S Indians are granted American Citizenship. Victory for the Indians, many Indian leaders were captured or exiled. ‘Ghost Dance’ ghost shirts could stop white men’s bullets. Chiefs sitting bull’s tribes captured. 1954 some states still kept Indians from voting.

Custer’s Last Stand: Started over Indians being pushed off their reservation for gold. At the Big Horn River in Montana. Custer died and the chiefs of the tribe were arrested and killed. It made the U.S realize that they had to take care of the Indian problem. Most famous Indian battle. Sioux were the most powerful surviving tribes – from Western Minnesota.

Jim Crow: represented ‘black America’ – a derogatory term for black people.

Represents segregation.

Separate But Equal: Jim Crow

How the 14th Amendment was used to protect corporations: a civil rights amendment that granted rights to African Americans – protects investors, they thought corporations were people.

The Panama Canal: America started a Revolution in Columbia. It was started by the French, but we took it over after buying it from Panama.

Roosevelt and his “big stick”: it was Roosevelt saying he wanted to do what he wanted.

What lands did America get from winning the Spanish-American War? Cuba, Caribbean, Puerto Rico, Guam, Midway, Philippians.

How did this war make America an Imperial Country? We fought the war to expand, and we did just that outside our own country.

How did Theodore Roosevelt rise in politics? Assassination of McKinley. Became a hero. He formed the Progressive Party.

What was the first ‘talkie’? How did it change America? The first ‘talkie’ was a Jazz singer – Al Jolson. It changed America because it revolutionized entertainment.

Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul?  They fought for women’s rights and they were instrumental in getting women the right to vote.

How were stocks inflated? How did this cause the crash?  People bought stocks from stockbrokers, who borrowed money from banks to pay for them. Then, people would panic and sell too early, before the stockbrokers could repay the banks. Because of this, the banks ran out of money quickly and prices rose, causing the stock market crash and the Great Depression.

What was Black Thursday and Black Tuesday?  They were the beginning of the Great Depression and the stock market crash. Millions of stocks were sold on those days, and they are considered some of the worst days in American economic history.

What was Hoover’s view of government relief programs? He didn’t think they had a point. He thought the economy would just work itself out eventually and that the government should not get involved.

What was the bonus army? They were soldiers who wanted their bonuses from the war that the government had promised to them. They weren’t supposed to get the money for a few years, but they wanted it early. They, and their families, camped out in Washington DC protesting until they had to be removed by force.

What happened during the 100 days? The 100 days were FDR’s first 100 days in office. There were intense senate sessions where they kept passing bills to try and solve the Great Depression, all part of FDR’s “New Deal”. They also put organizations and programs in order to help the problem as well. Now, Presidents are judged on their first 100 days since FDR was able to accomplish so much in that time.

What was the WPA and what did it do? It was the Works Project Administration. It set out to create as many jobs as possible, as quickly as possible during the Great Depression.

What were Roosevelt’s fireside chats and why did they become important? Fireside Chats were when Roosevelt went on the radio and spoke to the American public about what was going on. It was important because it was one of the first times that people could actually sit down and listen to the President. They felt more connected to him, and like he was relatable. This is how FDR garnered much of his support.

What was lend-lease? Lend-Lease was the idea that America would "lend" tanks, warplanes, ships and other wartime supplies to countries they couldn't officially ally with because we were 'neutral'/ These suplies would be "returned in kind" after the war.

Discuss the battle of Britain: It was the first aerial attack on England by the German air force. This began the devastating air war over England. There were four months of German bombers pounding Longon and other strategic areas with bombs and other weaponry. There were heavy civilian and military losses to the British, but their air defense destroyed 1700 German planes. Because of their failure to control British airspace, the Nazis decided not to launch an invasion across the Channel.

What were some of the reasons isolationists wanted to stay out of the war? They were still feeling the effects of the Depression and memories of WWI, so they didn't think WWII would be worth it. They didn't want to get into other people's affairs at the possible loss of so many American lives.

Who were the Axis Powers? Germany, Japan, Italy

What were the aggressive actions of Germany and Italy before the start of WWII? Germany invaded Austria and took it over, Germany took Poland, they signed a neutrality pact with Russia, and they annexed Czechoslovakia. Italy overthrew the government that it had and invaded Albania, Greece, and Ethiopia.

What are the two views of Pearl Harbor? One is that we knew about it, yet underestimated the power of the Japanese soldiers and overestimated the power of our army. Another is that Roosevelt knew everything about the attack but let it happen to have an excuse to enter the war.

What does Japan cite as reasons to go to war? After the Japanese invaded French Indochina, FDR froze Japan's assets in the US which halted trade between the countries, and cut off Japan's oil supply.

What is the date of Pearl Harbor? December 7th, 1941.

What is the date of D-Day? June 6th, 1944.

What was the cost of World War II? More than 38 million lives were lost in WWII, both military and civilian. It was also the catalyst for the Cold War.

Did the U.S. have to drop Atomic weapons on Japan? List the various PROs and CONs to this argument. The pros, advocating the dropping of the bomb, thought that there was no other way to end the war. They believed that if we invaded Japan we would surely be slaughtered because of the Japanese style of war, the idea that Japanese people would go to any length to die with honor and kill the enemy. However, they believed that if we did not invade Japan, they would surely invade us. They thought that dropping the bomb was our last option, it was a final resort of sorts. On the con side, there are some theories out there. One is that Truman knew that the Japanese was about to surrender, so there was the option not to drop the bomb at all. Another con, of course, is the sheer amount of lives that were lost and the destruction that was caused. Both sides agree that the people who made the bomb and those who dropped it had no idea of the power it had. I don't know exactly what I believe, I just know that I think the ruthless slaughter of innocent civilians is wrong.

May3

How many television sets were sold in 1950? How did television change America? What other factors changed America in the 50s?

In 1950, 4 millions sets were sold as a new source of visual entertainment. It opened doors to get information fast and also drastically changed advertising.
People started to revolve their lives around cars. They moved to suburbs (gotten there by cars) and drove down super highways as a way to get to their destination faster.

What three important novels were published in the 50s? What did they do or promote?
1.    Naked and the Dead: presented a different and uncomfortable picture of the American GI in combat.
2.    Catcher in the Rye: Captured the alienation of youth.
3.    On the Road:

What was the Iron Curtain?

The separation between the soviet satellite states. The Soviets and the Europeans become separated.

What was the Truman Doctrine about?

Truman helps Greece and Turkey from becoming communist countries.

What were the “witch hunts” of the 1950s? Why did this happen?

Anti-communist frenzy in the U.S.


Who was Klaus Fuchs? Describe the Rosenberg case?

He gave away atom bomb information to the communists. He was a spy, who worked the Manhattan Project


What was the Korean War about? Why was MacArthur removed from service?

North Korea invaded South Korea. The U.S. supported South Korea while the North was supported by the communist Soviets. MacArthur was removed because he thought if the U.S. was going to contain communism that we needed to kill China. Truman disagreed with him.

What was important about Brown v. Board of Education? How did Eisenhower have to enforce it’s ruling in Little Rock?

It was the time in which black people were not allowed in school with whites.

Discuss the importance of the Montgomery Bus Strike.

A black woman tried to sit in the front of the bus and was told to get off. She was arrested and then Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. stood up and asked his people to boycott Montgomery’s transportation.

Discuss the beginning of the space race.

The Soviets launched Sputnik, man’s first artificial satellite, on October 4, 1957. It meant that the Soviets had taken the lead in development of the intercontinental ballistic missile, thereby fundamentally altering the balance of power between them and the U.S. The response to Sputnik was a total overhaul of American education, mainly in the field of rocketry. Then it was a race to see who could get to the moon first.

May 2, 2011

Pg 811 

9. Winston Churchill coined this phrase, and it meant the Soviets had cut Eastern Europe from the West. Behind the curtain was the Soviets holding control.

11. It is a war in which it is not actually declared and physical battles arn't fought, but their is tension, threatening, and a race to be the best at everything.

13. It gave returning war veterans money to go to college, set up businesses, and buy homes.

15. There was no victor, but there were lots of casualties on the American side. We also set up a demilitarized zone where no military was allowed. It was also a direct threat to the Soviets.

16. It was a congressional committee that investigated communism in America.

Pg 834

5. Alaska and Hawaii

9. Fidel Castro

10. Jet travel was revolutionized by the production of the 707 jet. It allowed more than a hundred passengers to be carried at high speeds for long distances. Computers were starting to be used for big businesses.

14. The people not affected by poverty moved to the suburbs, keeping a lot of the population out of the city. The impoverished people however had to stay in the cities, thus leading to a high level of poverty in cities.

16. Nuclear weapons were a much better detterant than a large army. He could have large parts of the army and still be able to threaten large countries with nuclear arms.

17. Suburbs were created and so people were more spreaad out. They needed cars to be able to go to the store and do errands.

Don't Know Much About History 4/4/11

1) Why did FDR want to pack the supreme court? Did it work? Do you think this was constitutionally correct? He wanted to pack the Supreme Court because all of the justices in there were aging republicans who were against the New Deal. It did not work because the bill was defeated. I don't think this was constitutionally correct because it upsets the system of checks and balances which is already precarious.
2) What is a theory about Amelia Earhart's death? Why was she important? She was taken down in foreign airspace and murdered because she saw too much. She was the first real woman symbol of the time. She was the first to attempt a journey of her kind, and she failed.
3) What was Lend-Lease? Lend-Lease was the idea that America would "lend" tanks, warplanes, ships and other wartime supplies to countries they couldn't officially ally with because we were 'neutral'/ These suplies would be "returned in kind" after the war.
4) Discuss the BATTLE OF BRITAIN. It was the first aerial attack on England by the German air force. This began the devastating air war over England. There were four months of German bombers pounding Longon and other strategic areas with bombs and other weaponry. There were heavy civilian and military losses to the British, but their air defense destroyed 1700 German planes. Because of their failure to control British airspace, the Nazis decided not to launch an invasion across the Channel.
5) What were some of the reasons isolationists wanted to stay out of the war? They were still feeling the effects of the Depression and memories of WWI, so they didn't think WWII would be worth it. They didn't want to get into other people's affairs at the possible loss of so many American lives.
6) What was the traditional definition of Fascism? Who were the Fascists of Europe in the 30s? It was traditionally defined as a military disctatorshop built on racist and powerfully nationalistic foundations. The fascists were Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, and Franco.
7) Who were the Axis Powers? Japan, Italy, and Germany.
8) In what year and month did Japan invade Peking? July, 1937.
9) What were the aggressive actions of Germany and Italy before the start of WWII? Germany invaded Austria and took it over, Germany took Poland, they signed a neutrality pact with Russia, and they annexed Czechoslovakia. Italy overthrew the government that it had and invaded Albania, Greece, and Ethiopia.
10) What are the two views of Pearl Harbor? One is that we knew about it, yet underestimated the power of the Japanese soldiers and overestimated the power of our army. Another is that Roosevelt knew everything about the attack but let it happen to have an excuse to enter the war.
11) What does Japan cite as reasons to go to war? After the Japanese invaded French Indochina, FDR froze Japan's assets in the US which halted trade between the countries, and cut off Japan's oil supply.
12) What is the date of Pearl Harbor? December 7th, 1941.
13) What is the date of D-Day? June 6th, 1944.
14) What was the cost of World War II? More than 38 million lives were lost in WWII, both military and civilian. It was also the catalyst for the Cold War.
15) What was the Yalta Conference? It was a meeting amongst Churchill, FDR, and Stalin in 1945. They were supposed to "mop-up". There were decisions made about what would happen after the war.
16) What did Stalin demand in return for his agreement to enter the war against Japan? He demanded that the Soviets gain control of Manchuria and Mongolia, occupation in Korea, a vote in the UN, and were ceded half og Sakhalin Island and the Kurile Islands.
17) What is FDR's legacy? He established many programs to help people during the First Hundred Days. He also tried to eradicate the problems of the Depression, which didn't quite get done. He was a person who tried to please everybody, but it didn't really work out. His biggest legacy is the atom bomb, a program that he started. That is a doupleplusungood thing to have done.
18) Did the U.S. have to drop Atomic weapons on Japan? List the various PROs and CONs to this argument. The pros, advocating the dropping of the bomb, thought that there was no other way to end the war. They believed that if we invaded Japan we would surely be slaughtered because of the Japanese style of war, the idea that Japanese people would go to any length to die with honor and kill the enemy. However, they believed that if we did not invade Japan, they would surely invade us. They thought that dropping the bomb was our last option, it was a final resort of sorts. On the con side, there are some theories out there. One is that Truman knew that the Japanese was about to surrender, so there was the option not to drop the bomb at all. Another con, of course, is the sheer amount of lives that were lost and the destruction that was caused. Both sides agree that the people who made the bomb and those who dropped it had no idea of the power it had. I don't know exactly what I believe, I just know that I think the ruthless slaughter of innocent civilians is wrong.
19) How did the Cold War start? The build up of nuclear weapons on both the American side and the Soviet side was the major catalyst for the Cold War. It was also the result of the Yalta Conference, where Stalin felt he had the upper hand over FDR (and, indeed, he did). There was an inside man on the Manhattan Project who was reporting back to Stalin, leading Stalin to know quite possibly more than FDR and Truman. It was a nuclear arms race.

Don't Know Much About History 3/31/11

1) Name five important books of the 1920s. Three Soldiers, The Sun Also Rises, Main Street, The Great Gatsby, and Elmer Gantry.
2) What was the first "talkie"? How did it change America? The first talkie was The Jazz Singer, which starred Al Jolson in blackface. After that, Hollywood spent millions of dollars to produce movies because the public couldn't get enough of them.
3) Discuss the "Red Scare of 1919". After a bomb exploded outside his home, Attorney General Palmer unleashed the "Red Scare". It was about communism, and using America's fear of foreign people and ideas. Communism was alive and well in Russia, and the American's didn't want that to happen to them, so it was easy to create hysteria with the "Red Scare".
4) What was the 18th amendment? Why was it enacted? How did it go wrong? The 18th amendment was the prohibition amendment. It was supposed to fix social instability and moral decline at the beginning of the 20th century. It was unenforceable, and bootlegging became a profession seen almost everywhere. It presented to the public a better life, but it overlooked things like increased fatalities from the use of rubbing alcohol, the rise of organized crime, and the idea that Americans like their booze.
5) Who were Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul? They were both feminists pushing for women's rights. Susan B. Anthony co-founded NWSA and lobbied for local reforms in New York. Alice Paul was a Quaker-raised woman who studied in England. She brought back British-style protests for women's rights, which ultimately helped to gain suffrage in the United States.
6) What is important about Henry Ford? How did he change America? He didn't actually invent anything, he just perfected versions of the car and the assembly line. He envisioned a car for the masses. The model-T car revolutionized American life in that it revived the American dream of freedom and the open road.
7) What is important about Charles Lindbergh? How did he symbolize the times? He also invented nothing. He did, however, perfect the design of the Wright Brothers. The air industry was symbolic of the venturesome spirit of the times. He designed The Spirit of St. Louis, which allowed him to become the first man to fly solo over the Atlantic. He symbolized adventure and expansion and, most importantly, freedom.
8) What were "pool operators" and how were they crooked? Men working together in "pools" bought cheap shares of stock, then drove up the prices inside their group. They brought in outside investors and convinced them to buy at artificially inflated prices. Then the outside investor, or the "sucker", was left holding overpriced stock.
9) How were stocks inflated? How did this cause the crash? People were conned into believing that America had hit "good times". People pulled their life savings from banks and put them in stocks and securities. Investors only had to put down 10-20% to buy a stock, and the rest was available from cheap credit. Eventually, people panicked when the prices hit a peak, and they started pulling out. The problem was, they sold their stocks before they could pay back their brokers, so the brokers could not pay back the banks. This is what caused the crash.
10) What was Black Thursday and Black Tuesday? Black Thursday was October 24th, 1929. 13 million shares of stock were sold off. Black Tuesday was October 29th, 1929. Over 16 million shares were sold on that day.
11) What was Hoover's view of Government relief programs? He didn't believe in them. He believed that the government shouldn't get involved in people's business. He believed the economy would fix itself and that people were tough and could just wait out the depression because it was just part of an economic cycle that happened all the time. He thought relief programs were socialist or communist.
12) What was the "Bonus Army"? It was a large group of veterans and their families who had been promised a bonus to be given in 1945. They camped outside the White House and the Capitol to get their money, because they needed it and knew they deserved it. They were attacked by the military and run off with the use of huge force sent by Hoover.
13) What happened during the "Hundred Days"? FDR and the Congress passed many relief and reform pieces of legislation, sometimes without even reading them. They were aimed at making a dent in the problems that the Depression had caused. FDR's attitude was to try anything, and if it didn't work to get rid of it.
14) What was the WPA and what did it do? The WPA was the Work Projects Administration. The WPA was responsible for 10% of the new roads in the US. It also built new hospitals, city halls, courthouses, and schools. They also set up artistic projects that employed thousands of musicians, writers, and artists.
15) What were Roosevelt's FIRESIDE CHATS and why did they become important? Fireside Chats were FDR's way to speak to the American public. They were talks that he gave on the radio. They became important because it was the first time that the people felt the government was speaking directly to them.

WWI Questions 5-20

5. They formed alliances for mutual protection. It kept peace and had all the countries of Europe looking out for one another. The more alliances you had the better offense and defense you ended up with. 

6. Arthur Zimmermann, the minister of Germany, sent a telegram to Von Eckhardt, the minster of Mexico, saying that if they were to join alliances, Germany would help Mexico get back the lands that the United States took in the Mexican-American War. When information regarding this telegraph showed up in the news paper, people were upset with Germany. This helped bring the United States government into the war. 

7. The Sussex Pledge was a promise made in 1916 during World War I by Germany to the United States saying that they had to promise to warn neural ships and passenger vessels before attacking.  

8. Woodrow Wilson 

9. It allowed the Germans to move hundreds of thousands of troops from the Eastern Front - line of battle - to the Western front of France. The Germans were then able to launch a powerful offense against the Allies. 

10. It provided new job opportunities for women and minorities. Many women joined the workforce for the first time. Women were hired for jobs previously held by men. With people migrating it allowed us to expand manufacturing and industrialization to another level. 

11. President Woodrow Wilson - Prime Minister David Lloyd Clemenceau of France - and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy. 

12. He was afraid that American Troops and American Ships might be ordered to any part of the world by nations other than the Unites States. 

13. It allowed them to see troops movement and bomb enemy targets. It was an easier way of transportation for not only people but goods, resources, and weaponry. 

14. Wilson could then claim that the Allies were fighting a war of democracy against autocracy rule by one person with unlimited power. 

15. United States, France, Great Britain, and Italy. 

16. Labor Shortage was caused by two main reasons, one being that millions of men left their jobs in industry to serve in the armed forces which left gaps in jobs. There weren't enough industrial workers and not enough people were migrating to fill the empty slots. Another was the high demands for goods and supplies. Industries and manufacturers had a lot of pressure put on them to fulfill the demands needed in the war. 

17. 

After The War: 

      a. 27 nations gathered in Paris for a peace conference

      b. Europe was destroyed - people were homeless and hungry. 

      c. Wilson outlined Fourteen Points - proposed a number of principles for conducting international relations. 

      d. Wilson made the League of Nations 

Peace Conference

     a. Leaders didn't show enthusiasm for the Fourteen Points 

     b. Different Countries wanted different things - revenge, payment, etc 

     c. Not everyone would agree with Wilson's plan 

     d. The treaty of Versailles was signed - Germany accepted full responsibility for the war and paid for it - the                   world map was rearranged 

     e. The League of Nations was included in the Treaty 

Opposition at Home 

     a. Treaty of Versailles to the US Senate - there were doubts 

     b. People worried about the League of Nations 

     c. Senate had concerns about the Treaty mainly the League of Nations - big opponent was Henry Cabbot- He didn't want the U.S troops and people taking orders from anyone other than the US.

     d. Wilson went on a national speaking tour to gain support 

     e. Wilson had a stroke

     f. All the treaties were rejected 

     g. The US signed a separate peace treaty with each of the Central Powers. 

18. About 50 miles or so. 

19. East - towards Belgium 

20. France 

Chapter 18 Pg 552 #7-23

7. The transcontinental railroad brought many jobs to America, and the wild west. It made it easier and faster to transport goods and people. It boosted the nation's steel industry and coal industry. It also set up new towns along the railroad. It helped construction and agriculture companies flourish. It helped out ranchers and farmers a lot because they were able to transport crops and cattle.
8. The Chisholm trail led from central Texas to Abilene, Kansas.
9. There were buffalo and other game they weren't used to. It was basically unsettled so it wasn't crowded. It was nice and flat for planting crops. Free land was offered by new laws, and the railroad made it easier and cheaper to get there. There was also the promise of gold out west.
10. They were a very large group of African Americans who moved from the south to settle in Kansas, escaping former slave states.
11. It addressed the lack of rain and moisture in the midwest and western states.
12. There was a mass hunting of buffalo by white people for a few years. They did it to feed the railroad workers and so buffalo wouldn't be in the way. This led the buffalo to near extinction.
13. Oklahoma.
14. He was an Indian leader. He was a chief of the Apache. He led raids against white settlers and he kept attacking them. He escaped them multiple times. He ended up being the last chief to surrender to the whites, holding on long past his contemporaries.
15. It offered farmers education, fellowship, and support. It gave them things such as libraries, social gatherings, and cooperatives.
16. They supported shorter work days, free silver, private companies owning the railroad and telegraph lines, limiting presidency and vice presidency to a single term, secret ballots, and electing senators directly, and a national income tax.
17. People set up boomtowns (like Skagway!) near gold fields as a place for miners to live while they searched for gold. They also set up towns along the railroad to run railway stations for gold and goods and people to pass through.
18. The railroad was able to transport cattle to places they wouldn't have been able to go otherwise. This allowed ranchers to be able to make money off of their cattle by selling them to people in places where there wasn't cattle.
19. The banks were charging them astronomical interest on their loans. The price they could sell their crops for was getting lower and lower, but the price they paid for equipment and seeds and things stayed at the same high place. They were consistently going into debt and being unable to get themelves out until they had to sell their farms or go bankrupt.
20.

• The movement of whites onto Native American lands, and the slaughter of buffalo.
• The United States Army attacked Indians a bunch.
• The Reservation Policy forced Indians into small, unfarmable plots of land.

21. Montana.
22. North.
23. They lived in the Arizona territory.

Chapter 16

1. The blockade was an offensive move used by the union.


2. Blockade runners were Confederate ships, and were often ironclad, or covered in iron. 


3. There were 4 border states that allowed slavery and remained in the Union. 


4. Being drafted was a law that required men between the ages of 18 and 35 to serve in the army for three years, and Habeas Corpus was a law that guaranteed accused individuals the right to a hearing before being jailed. 

5. 1861-1865

6. The Confederates had strong support from their people, leadership, and a home-field advantage.

7. Confederates- Jefferson Davis     Union- Abraham Lincoln

8. Clara Barton was U.S. patent office clerk who collected provisions for the union army. In 1862 she delivered food right to the frontlines and helped the wounded and dying. Delivered much needed medical supplies. Showed courage and organized the Red Cross.   


9. Prevents them from getting supplies. 


10. The Union won and it was their first big win which became a huge turning point for the war. 


11. "..All persons held as slaves within any state...in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.." It was a decision to free all enslaved African Americans in the south. It applied only to areas that the confederact controlled, but it didn't actually free anyone. However, he hoped that knowledge of it would encourage them to run away from their slave holders. 


12. In the south slaves worked on plantations and in mines while the white men were off fighting in the war. They weren't allowed to be enlisted into the war at first because of the fear of arming them and having them rebel. Later on however they were able to join the ranks of the rest of the southerners. The Northern slaves were able to enlist a lot earlier than those in the South which gave them an upper hand. 


13. Most of the war was fought in the South which the southerners used a lot of the resources they had. Their lands and farms were destroyed, railroads were torn up, people lost their homes, and goods were a lot harder to obtain. 


14.  They were free to go home if Confederate soldiers were to lay down their arms.


15. They disagreed with Virginia's secession from the Union so in 1861, 48 counties organized the state of West Virginia who decided to stay part of the Union. 


16. The North wanted to control the river because it would split the Confederacy and make it weaker. It would also restricted them from getting or sending supplies. The South wanted to keep control of the Mississippi River so the flow of supplies back and forth across the river was their advantage. 


17. Just like the North and South, African Americans had reasons for fighting in the war and that was freedom. The Civil War had a lot of casualties and so the more people you had on your side the better chances you had of winning. 


18. General Lee was an unpredictable general who was an amazing strategist. Many people would have thought his ideas were crazy but they seemed to work. He respected his men the way he wanted to be respected so they were able to work together and get things done. 


19. 


Attack on Fort Sumter -- 1861 -- Confederate victory and the official beginning of the Civil War.


Monitor v. Merrimack -- 1862 -- It marked a new age in naval warfare because it was the first battle between two metal- covered ships. Both the Confederates and the Union claimed their victory. 


Emancipation Proclamation Act -- 1863 -- It freed millions of slaves. It proved that we were fighting for their freedom. 


Lincoln is reelected -- 1864 -- the Emancipation Proclamation Act was the big reason he was reelected. The Confederates weren't too happy about it yet he still won by more than the average votes. This helped the push for the Confederates to join the Union. 


Appromattox Court House -- 1865-- The final battle in the Civil War, and Lee was allowed to take his men home as long as they lay down their weapons. 


20. Cemetery Ridge


21. Ewell


22. Longstreet, Picket, Lee, Hill, and Ewell 

I Don't Know Much About History

1) Why does the author suggest that John Brown had a sense of humor?

When President Buchanan put a price of $20 on his head, Brown responded with a bounty of two dollars and fifty cents of Buchanan’s.

2)What was John Brown's plan?

Brown’s plan was to march south, arm the slaves who would flock to his crusade, and establish a black republic in the Appalachians to wage war against the slaveholding south.

3) Why did John Brown become a symbol?

He became a symbol because he was thought to be a martyr ‘in a just cause’. People overlooked his craziness and instead glorified him. Thoreau compared Brown to Christ, and Emerson wrote that Brown’s hanging would “make the gallows as glorious as the cross.”

4)When and why did South Carolina succeed from the Union?

Within days of Lincoln’s election in 1860 was when South Carolina legislature voted to secede from the Union.

5)List some of the advantages of the North at the beginning of the war. List some of the advantages of the South at the beginning of the war.

North: Had more states which were occupied by more people who were able to work at more factories. The North had more railroad, bank deposits, and gold specie’s. The outproduced the South in agricultural products and livestock holdings. The railroads helped them increase their wartime supplies and ship them efficiently.

South: There home-field advantage - familiarity with terrain, popular partisan support, and the motivation of defending the homeland. The U.S army was mainly led by the Southerners who backed them (the Northern leaders were from Urban areas who spoke little to no English). They were for the most part better riders, more at home with weaponry, and showed a greater martial spirit.

6) List some of the (5) famous battles of the Civil War with a brief description of each.

Battle of Bull Run: In Virginia, Confederate armies under General Joseph E. Johnston and Beaurard rout Union Troops. Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson was given the nickname ‘Stonewall’ for his leadership of the stand made by his troops that turned the tide of the battle. After this war the Congress passed the first income-tax law, and enlistment periods increased from three months to two years. 


Second Battle of Bull Run: Confederate Generals Lee, Jackson, and James Longstreet defeat Union forces under General John Pope forcing Union troops to evacuate all the way back to Washington. The Confederates pushed the Union armies from the gates of Richmond all the way back to the Union capital. 


Battle of Antietam: (Sharpsburg, Maryland) McClellan anticipates Lee’s strategy when he takes the offensive after Pope’s retreat. The dead and wounded exceed 10,000 for both sides on the bloodiest day of the battle when McClellan’s Union forces meet Lee’s advancing army. Lee pulls back but McClellan doesn’t pursue the retreating Confederate army. The battle was a critical turning point when Lee’s offensive stalled. Battle of 


Fredericksburg: (Virginia) General Burnside’s Union troops are routed by Lee with severe casualties, losing 12,000 to the Confederates 5,000.


Battle of Chancellorsville: (Virginia) Losses for both sides exceed 10,000 men. Lee’s army defeats Hooker’s Army of the Potomac. Stonewall Jackson’s decisions forces the Union to withdrawal. He was mistakenly shot by a Confederate soldier and died of pneumonia on May 10, costing the Confederates one of their most effective field generals. 


Battle of Gettysburg: Confederate troops in search for shoes meet up with a detachment of Union cavalry. In three days of fighting was the final turning point of the war. The Union army takes a strong defensive position and turns back repeated Confederate assaults. Confederate losses reach 28,000 killed, wounded, or missing, a third of the army’s effective strength, to the Union’s 23,000. Lee retreats to Virginia, and Lincoln wants the remnants of the Confederate army destroyed, ending the war. 


Battle of Chickamauga: (Georgia) Union armies are defeated by Confederates under General Braxton Bragg. Casualties are extremely high for both sides: Confederates-18,000, Union-16,000. The Union army retreats to Chattanooga.

7) How do you view Lincoln's suspension of "the writ of habeas corpus"?

I disagree with it because Lincoln made it while the congress was out of session, and there weren't really any good reason for it. It made it okay to detain thousands without firm charges and due process of the law. 

8) What if Lee's plan had not been found at the battle of Antiem?

If Lee's plan hadn't been found out and been given to McClennan the South probably would have won not only the battle of Antiem but also the whole Civil War.

9) What was the reconstruction?

It was a to rebuild the South and allow them to be apart of the Union. It would readmit states after they had ratified the thirteenth amendment. The Southern states were to accept the fourteenth amendment, and adopt the beliefs of the northern states. It allowed blacks to be apart of voting and politics. 

10) Why did the Klu Klux Klan form?

It was white southerns that rebelled against the reconstruction of colored people being able to be apart of politics. They frightened not only colored people but also white politicians. 

11) Discuss Andrew Johnson's impeachment.

He challenged the law's constitutionality, and tried to dismiss War Secretary Edwin M. Stanton, an ally of the Radical Republicans. The House promptly impeached him: he was the first president to ever be impeached. Under Article II section 4 of the constitution the president may be impeached if they are convicted of briber, treason or other high crimes.

Chapter 12

Chapter 12

1) What was Manifest Destiny? Manifest Destiny is the idea that the US was meant to extend its borders from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. We should spread freedom by occupying the entire continent.
2) The Oregon Territory consisted of what area? Who claimed it? Oregon, Washington, Idaho, parts of Montana and Wyoming, half of British Columbia. Four nations owned it: US, Great Britain, Spain, and Russia.
3) Who were the Mountain Men? American adventurers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains and helped with the fur trade. Some worked for specific companies while others sold their furs to the highest bidder. Some of them married Native women and adopted Native ways, creating a mixed race.
4) Why was the Oregon Trail important? It was the only way to achieve Manifest Destiny. It was the trail to the American Dream. It allowed us to fulfill our 'duty from God' to go west, populate the country, and spread freedom.
5) Discuss the meaning behind the slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"? It refers to the line of latitude that Democrats believed should be the nation's northern border in Oregon, which was a campaign slogan used during the 1844 election. The border was eventually settled at latitude 49.
6) James Polk made what promises to the American public during the election of 1844 (list four - you might need to look up on the internet). He made four promises during his campaign: to acquire California from Mexico, to settle the Oregon dispute, to lower the tariff and create a sub-treasury, and to not run for a second term.
7) Discuss how Texas became independent. In 1819 the US gave up claims to Texas with the Adams-Onis Treaty. Very few people lived in Texas. In 1830 the Mexican government stopped all immigration to Texas from the United States, and US Texans were very angry. Santa Anna, Mexican President, declared himself a dictator. The US Texans banded together with volunteers and they fought. And they liberated San Antonio. During the Alamo, American settlers and the Tejanos declared independence and started to write a Declaration and Constitution.
8) Discuss the battles of The Alamo and San Jacinto. Santa Anna marched forth to take back San Antonio, and found the Texans barricaded inside The Alamo Mission. It was poor leadership and a few men against Santa Anna's army of several thousand. The Alamo defenders help Santa Anna's army away against 2 attacks. Later, Mexicans launched an all-out attack while the Texans defended nobly, but the Mexicans were just too numerous to be defeated. San Jacinto was between Houston and Santa Anna. Houston had about 900 in his army, while Santa Anna had about 1300. Houston's army killed about half of Santa Anna's army, and captured the rest including Santa Anna. A few days later, Santa Anna recognized the independence of Texas.
9) How long did it take the U.S. to annex Texas? Why? It took the US nine years to annex Texas. Andrew Jackson, president at the time, refused to annex Texas. He did this because the addition of another slave state would upset the balance of free and slave states in Congress. Van Buren after him also didn't want to annex Texas. John Tyler, president after Harrison, finally supported Texas, but it didn't work. Only James K. Polk was finally able to get Texas annexed.
10) How did the Mexican-American War start? Why did it start? Was it a "Just War"? Mexico had control of New Mexico as a condition of it's independence. American traders were welcomed into New Mexico. Americans began settling in New Mexico as it was a hot trade area, but they wanted it for themselves, and California as well. California and New Mexico, meanwhile, began being more and more populated by Mexican peoples. President Polk twice offered to buy California and New Mexico, but Mexico refused, prompting the US to take the territories by force. To begin the war, the US built a fort in disputed border land between Mexico and Texas. This forced Mexico to attack first, making Congress believe that war would be a just retaliation. We think it was technically a just war, because the Mexicans did attack first. However, we believe the spirit of the war was unjust, because we basically forced them to attack first so we would have a reason to declare war.
11) What was the American response to the war? Americans were divided over the war. Democrats generally supported it, while Whigs generally opposed it. Whigs believed that the war was aggressive and unjust, disgraceful and cruel, and demanded to know exact reasons and the beginning of the war. Anti-war feeling grew over time, particularly in the north. This was because they believed that the South would spread slavery into any new states.
12) List the major battles of the war. The battle at Santa Fe was major, because it was the capital of Mexico. Even though there wasn't technically a battle, it still counts. The other major battles were the Bear Flag Revolt, battle of Monterey, battle of San Gabriel, battle of San Pasqual (the only Mexican victory), battle of El Brazito, battle of Sacramento, battle of Monterrey, battle of Buena Vista, battle of Cerro Gordo, and the battle of Mexico City.
13) What was the cost of the war? The war cost America 1,721 men to battle, more than 11,00 men to disease, and almost $100 million. We then paid Mexico an additional $25 million during treaty discussions.
14) Why was the California Gold Rush important? Californian cities, and cities on the way, benefitted from the economic boom. California's population grew greatly, and developed an amazing economy due to boom towns. The gold rush also more than doubled the world's supply of gold, a very valuable commodity at the time. The effect on California's economy lasted a long time after the gold rush ended. The population grew, requiring better government. It urged California to apply for statehood, which it gained about a year later.
15) Answer the following questions on page 380 - #6 - #10, #13-#15.

• 6. They agreed about the northern latitude of Oregon, for ownership purposes. It ended up being on latitude 49.
• 7. He was afraid to disrupt the balance of slave and free states.
• 8. It gave them a direct line to the Pacific Ocean. There were still British people settled in the territories above California.
• 9. The US wanted New Mexico and California, and Mexico refused to sell. The other reason was that the US set up Mexico to attack them (by building a fort) so they could justify a war.
• 10. People found gold and they would use it. They also had a monopoly on the sales because they were the only merchants there.
• 13. It expanded the US west, all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
• 14. They probably thought the US was just greedy and wanted all the land they could get because they were selfish. They wanted to keep their own land in North America.
• 15. The ones between the US and Britain had a favorable outcome for everyone because they came to an agreement. Whereas the ones with the US and Mexico led to war because they couldn't agree.